During cooling process, thermoelectric cooler (TEC module) has dynamic changes in its current, voltage, and temperatures in hot and cold ends, so its performance changes dynamically too. The research on dynamic cooling effect of TEC is good to improve the operating performances of these devices. (more)

TEC modules, also called Peltier cooler, is a compact electronic components based on semiconductor materials. When injecting a DC current in the two ends of peltier cooler, the heat will be transfer from one side of the component to the other side. It's worth mentioning that with the current direction change, the heat flow direction will be changed. Therefore, both cooling and heating can be achieved in a TEC module, which can be used to control temperature with precision.(more)

The thermodynamic law can be applied to both TEC modules and traditional mechanical cooler.(more)

In actual applications, thermoelectric cooler includes two or more couples of semiconductor galvanic arms. Put electric and heat conductive inducer in series to make a single component. A TEC module is made up of one or multiple such single component in series from the view of current path, and in parallel from the view of heat path. The single component and inducer is generally installed between the two ceramic plates, which are used to connect all the parts mechanically, and keep every single component and other structure insulated from the outer soldering surface. When all the parts are correctly installed, the TEC module usually has a square shape with the height of 2.5-5mm.(more)

From (3), (13) and (14), it is shown that when Th -Tc>△Tmax, the cooling capacity qc<0. At the same time, TEC cannot cool, but start heating, which is not allowed in practical work. So the working current should be controlled in range of I0≤I≤Isat, which can ensure the cooling capacity qc≥0. Although based on the analysis of the cooling capacity qc, the general range of working current can be determined, but in practical work, the refrigeration coefficient is still an important indicator. From (9), when the working current of TEC satisfies the following relations, the TEC can reach the maximum refrigeration coefficient βmax:(more)

3 Thermoelectric materials In the view of the research and development of thermoelectric materials, lead telluride is used as a thermoelectric material in the early days, and then TAGS alloy is developed for P-type element (N-type is still PbTe). The temperature of the hot end can be up to 600℃. After using new thermoelectric materials in hundred watt thermoelectric generator and universal thermoelectric generator, the hot end temperature can reach 1000℃ and its mechanical properties and oxidation resistance are very good. In the condition of high temperature, this material is not easy evaporated and can work in vacuum and in air.(more)

Low dimensional thermoelectric (0~3D) material is a new research in recent years. Because of the function of the quantum well and quantum wire, low dimensional material has extraordinary thermoelectric property. The low dimension can increase α and phonon boundary scattering of the potential well surface. Terry M Tritt obtained the different dimension curve of Bi2Te3 with the change of quantum welldW(quantum wire thickness). The result shows that three dimensional material do not change with the change of dW; however, in the condition of the dimension reduction, the value of ZT will increase sharply when dW reduces, which shows that low dimensional material can improve ZT value of thermoelectric materials.(more)

1.Zero power resistance RT At a specified temperature, resistance value can be measured by measuring power value, which can be negligible comparing with the total error.(more)

TEC is the abbreviation of thermoelectric cooler, which is a kind of heat pumps. It has many advantages of no sliding parts, no noise, long service lifetime, good reliability and flexible control. When supplying a power supply, TEC can be rapidly cooling, and when the current reverses, it can also be rapidly heating. Based on the above advantages, TECs have been widely used for mechanical fields and electronic fields. Here are some introductions to cooling characteristics of TECs.(more)

In current market, there is an active demand for high stability, high precision and high heat-resistance NTC thermistor, such as thermistor for measuring exhaust gas for automobile. The working temperature is 400-500°C. For liquefied petroleum gas temperature measurement, the temperature is rather high too. Therefore, the need for high temp. thermistor is very urgent. Mn-Co-No series thermistor temperature is about 300°C. In order to increase the working temperature, there are some experiments for high temp. thermistor by addingZrO2, Cr2O3 and Al2O3.(more)